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1 Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Teaching and Learning Insights and Recommendations May 2023 Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Teaching and Learning Miguel A.Cardona,Ed.D.Secretary,U.S.Department of Education Roberto J.Rodrguez Assistant Secretary,Office of Planning,Evaluation,and Policy Development Kristina Ishmael Deputy Director,Office of Educational Technology May 2023 Examples Are Not Endorsements This document contains examples and resource materials that are provided for the users convenience.The inclusion of any material is not intended to reflect its importance nor is it intended to endorse any views expressed or products or services offered.These materials may contain the views and recommendations of various subject matter experts as well as hypertext links,contact addresses,and websites to information created and maintained by other public and private organizations.The opinions expressed in any of these materials do not necessarily reflect the positions or policies of the U.S.Department of Education.The U.S.Department of Education does not control or guarantee the accuracy,relevance,timeliness,or completeness of any information from other sources that are included in these materials.Other than statutory and regulatory requirements included in the document,the contents of this guidance do not have the force and effect of law and are not meant to bind the public.Contracts and Procurement This document is not intended to provide legal advice or approval of any potential federal contractors business decision or strategy in relation to any current or future federal procurement and/or contract.Further,this document is not an invitation for bid,request for proposal,or other solicitation.Licensing and Availability This report is in the public domain and available on the U.S.Department of Educations(Departments)website at https:/tech.ed.gov.Requests for alternate format documents such as Braille or large print should be submitted to the Alternate Format Center by calling 1-202-260-0852 or by contacting the 504 coordinator via email at om_eeosed.gov.Notice to Limited English Proficient Persons If you have difficulty understanding English,you may request language assistance services for Department information that is available to the public.These language assistance services are available free of charge.If you need more information about interpretation or translation services,please call 1-800-USA-LEARN(1-800-872-5327)(TTY:1-800-437-0833);email us at Ed.Language.Assistanceed.gov;or write to U.S.Department of Education,Information Resource Center,LBJ Education Building,400 Maryland Ave.SW,Washington,DC 20202.How to Cite While permission to reprint this publication is not necessary,the suggested citation is as follows:U.S.Department of Education,Office of Educational Technology,Artificial Intelligence and Future of Teaching and Learning:Insights and Recommendations,Washington,DC,2023.This report is available at https:/tech.ed.gov Table of Contents Introduction.1 Rising Interest in AI in Education.1 Three Reasons to Address AI in Education Now.2 Toward Policies for AI in Education.3 Building Ethical,Equitable Policies Together.6 Guiding Questions.6 Foundation 1:Center People(Parents,Educators,and Students).6 Foundation 2:Advance Equity.7 Foundation 3:Ensure Safety,Ethics,and Effectiveness.8 Foundation 4:Promote Transparency.9 Overview of Document.10 What is AI?.11 Perspective:Human-Like Reasoning.12 Perspective:An Algorithm that Pursues a Goal.12 Perspective:Intelligence Augmentation.14 Definition of“Model”.14 Insight:AI Systems Enable New Forms of Interaction.15 Key Recommendation:Human in the Loop AI.16 Learning.18 Insight:AI Enables Adaptivity in Learning.18 Intelligent Tutoring Systems:An Example of AI Models.19 Important Directions for Expanding AI-Based Adaptivity.20 A Duality:Learning With and About AI.22 A Challenge:Systems Thinking About AI in Education.22 Open Questions About AI for Learning.23 Key Recommendation:Seek AI Models Aligned to a Vision for Learning.24 Teaching.25 Always Center Educators in Instructional Loops.25 Insight:Using AI to Improve Teaching Jobs.26 Preparing and Supporting Teachers in Planning and Reflecting.29 Designing,Selecting,and Evaluating AI Tools.30 Challenge:Balancing Human and Computer Decision-Making.30 Challenge:Making Teaching Jobs Easier While Avoiding Surveillance.31 Challenge:Responding to Students Strengths While Protecting Their Privacy.32 Questions Worth Asking About AI for Teaching.34 Key Recommendation:Inspectable,Explainable,Overridable AI.34 Formative Assessment.37 Building on Best Practices.37 Implications for Teaching and Learning.38 Insight:AI Can Enhance Feedback Loops.39 An Example:Automated Essay Scoring.40 Key Opportunities for AI in Formative Assessment.41 Key Recommendation:Harness Assessment Expertise to Reduce Bias.42 Related Questions.43 Research and Development.44 Insight:Research Can Strengthen the Role of Context in AI.44 A
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